Romeo and Juliet and Capulet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet and Capulet Essay Soon several member of both houses jump into the fight as well as citizens of Verona. Capulet calls for his sword. Then Montague tells his wife to let him go so he can attack Capulet. The fight is then broken up by the Prince stating that if the Capulets and Montagues get into a fight again, those responsible will be put to death. Everyone departs the scene save for Montague, Lady Montague, and Benvolio. Monntague asks who started the fight and Benvolio blames Tybalt. Then they speak about Montagues son Romeo who is currently sulking. Benvolio says he will find out what is bothering Romeo who appears in the scene. Benvolio then moves to speak with Romeo. Benvolio learns that Romeo is saddened over the rejection of Rosaline. Benvolio tells Romeo the best way to get over a woman is to find another one. Romeo disagrees and states that he will never love another. Benvolio promises he can make it happen Glossary 1. importune beg persistently and urgently BENVOLIO â€Å"Have you importuned him by any means? † 2. transgression in making lovers suffer so ROMEO â€Å"Why, such is loves transgression. † 3. â€Å"her store† Her store of wealth which consists of her beauty. She ill leave no beauty behind her in her offspring. ROMEO â€Å"That, when she dies, with beauty dies her store† Background Character I am the assistance. Sampson and Gregory, servants of the house of Capulet, go out looking for trouble. .  . .  Sampson and Gregory almost pick a fight with Abraham and Balthasar, servants of the house of Montague. .  . .  Seeing a Capulet kinsman, Sampson and Gregory start to fight with Abraham and Balthasar. Benvolio tries to stop the fight, but Tybalt enters and attacks Benvolio. The citizens of Verona attack both the Capulets and Montagues. Capulet and Montague try to join the fight, but are restrained by their wives.   . .  Prince Escalus stops the riot, threatens everyone with death, and takes Capulet with him, leaving Benvolio alone with Montague and Lady Montague. Lady Montague asks where Romeo is, and Benvolio answers that he was up before dawn, wandering in the woods. The Montagues say that Romeo is afflicted with strange sorrows, and Benvolio offers to find out whats wrong with him. .  . .  Seeing Romeo coming, Montague and Lady Montague leave Benvolio alone to speak with their son. Benvolio soon discovers that Romeos problem is that he loves a woman who doesnt return his love. Benvolio tries to get Romeo to say who it is he loves, but Romeo wont. Benvolio also tries to get Romeo to solve his problem by looking for another woman, but Romeo seems determined to love and suffer. Act one, Scene two Questions 1. Why does Capulet think it will be easy for Montague and him to keep the peace? -Because they would both not want the penalty of death. 2. What do Romeo and Benvolio decide to do -Go to the party. Notes It takes place in a street. Capulet and Paris enter speaking about Pariss desire to marry Capulets daughter Juliet. Capulet says that Paris may marry Juliet but he must first win her heart. He then invites Paris to a dinner party he is throwing that night. At the end of the conversation Capulet hands his servant a piece of paper with names on it and tasks the man to find them and invite them to his party that night. The servant stands alone on the street and states he does not know how to read. The servant asks Benvolio if he will read the list for him. Benvolio after a bit of teasing reads the list. It is a list full of names to be invited to Capulets party including Rosaline. Happy for their help the servant invites Benvolio and Romeo to the party as long as they are not Montagues. Benvolio points out that Rosaline will be there as well as several other beautiful women. Romeo agrees to go the party. Glossary 1. †bound† bound over to keep the peace CAPULET â€Å"But Montague is bound as well as I,† 2. The servant’s confusion is deliberately contrived by Shakespears:thus, SERVANT â€Å"shoemaker †:last, â€Å"tailor †:yard, â€Å"fisher †:nets, â€Å"painter †:pencil 3. †splendor of mine own† the splendid beauty of my own beloved RPMEO â€Å"I’ll go along, no such sight to be shown, But no rejoice in splendor of mine† Background Character I can see Paris asks Capulet for Juliets hand in marriage. Capulet thinks shes too young, but tells Paris to woo her, and invites him to a feast that night. Capulet sends the servant out to invite other guests to the feast. .  . .  Benvolio is still trying to talk Romeo into considering other ladies when they are interrupted by the Capulet servant, who asks Romeo to read something for him. It is a list of guests at Capulets feast that night. Thus Romeo discovers that Rosaline, his beloved, will be at the feast. Benvolio challenges Romeo to go to the feast and compare Rosaline with other beauties. Romeo says he will go, but only to rejoice that Rosaline is most beautiful of all. Act one, Scene Three Questions 1. How old is Juliet? * 13 going on 14 2. Following Juliet’s answer, what does Lady Capulet then tell Juliet? * She should try and like Paris after she meets him. Note It takes place in a room in the Capulet house. Lady Capulet asking for her daughter. Lady Capulet asks Juliet what she thinks about marriage. Juliet claims it is something she dreams of. Then Lady Capulet lets Juliet know that Paris desires to marry her. A servant informs Lady Capulet that guest have begun to arrive. Nurse and Juliet talk a bit and then exit the scene. Glossary 1. â€Å"wormblood† a plant with a bitter juice to make the child stop drinking mother’s milk NURSE â€Å"For i had then laid wormblood to my dug† 2. â€Å"Were not i thine only nurse† but since she is, to say so would be to prise herself NUSE â€Å"An honor? Were not i thine only nurse, Id say thou hadst sucked wisdom rom thy teat† 3. â€Å"But no fly† I will not go farther than your approve. JULIET â€Å"But no more deep will i endart mine eye than your consent gives strength to make it fly† Background Character Lady Capulet wants to have a serious conversation with Juliet, but the Nurse interrupts with a long reminiscence about Juliets weaning and what Juliet said about falling on her back. Lady Capulet tells Juliet that Paris wants to marry her, and urges her to look him over and see that he is the husband for her. Servants come to call everyone to the feast. Act one, Scene four Questions 1. What does Mercutio say about dreams? * They are nothing but fantasies of the brain. 2. What is Romeo’s mood at the end of this scene? * He is amused Note It takes place in a street. Mercutio, Benvolio and Romeo are wearing masks and are traveling with several other maskers and torchbearers. They speak amongst each other believing that not only will their masks keep them from being dedected as Montagues, but they also vow to stay for just one dance. Because Romeo is still pining for Rosaline, Mercutio teases him with the story of Queen Mab. Glossary 1. â€Å"cupid† a guest disguised as cupid as a spokesman to make their speech of apology BENVOLIO â€Å"We’ll have no cupid hoodwinked with a scarf† 2. â€Å"the game done† this is the best part of the proceedings, so i am giving up before worse comes. ROMEO â€Å"the game was ne’er so fair, and i am done† 3. â€Å"this wind you talk of† probably with the implication that ercutio is a windbag The wind you talk to blows us from ourselves Background Character Mercutio tries to persuade Romeo to dance at Capulets feast, but Romeo insists that he is too sadly love-lorn to do anything but hold a torch. Then Romeo says that its not wise to go to the feast at all, because of a dream he had. .  . .  Mercutio mocks Romeos belief in his dream by going on and on about Queen Mab, but Romeo is sure that some terrible fate awaits him. Nevertheless, he goes into the feast with his friends. Act one, Scene five Questions 1. What does Romeo think of Juliet the first time he sees her? * He thinks that she is the most beautiful thing that he has ever seen. 2. Explain what the conversation is about between Romeo and Juliet. * Romeo and Juliet are talking about how Juliet is so pureand like a saint and Romeo is a sinner. Note It takes place in a hall in Capulets House. It begins with a conversation between two servants. As they speak Capulet enters with Juliet and others of his house. Capulet addresses the guests and tells them to have a good time. Capulet converses with a cousin and during this time Romeo sees Juliet. He asks a servant who she is. The servant tells him he doesnt know. Romeo then luanches into a poetic description of Juliets beauty. Tybalt overhears this speech and recognizes Romeo as a Montague and moves to attack him. Tybalt is stopped by Capulet who asks him why he is upset. Tybalt tells him that he knows Romeo is in the house. Capulet tells Tybalt not to attack Romeo and after a brief argument Tybalt agrees but is angry about. Meanwhile Romeo has started to romance Juliet but then learns she is a Capulet and after a brief word with Benvolio everyone but Juliet. The Nurse and Juliet have a conversation and Juliet learns that Romeo is a Montague. Glossary 1. trencher† wooden platter 1stSERVINGMANâ€Å"He shift a trencher? He scrape a trencher! † 2. â€Å"set cock-a-hoop†Ã‚   start a riot CAPULET â€Å"You will set cock-a-hoop† 3. â€Å"pilgrim†Ã‚   Romeo was probably dressed as a pilgrim JULIET â€Å"Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer† Background Character At Capulets house, Romeo and his friends enter as preparations are being made for the dancing. The musicians are tuning up, and the servants are hurrying to clear away the remains of the feast. .  . .  Capulet enters, greets the masked strangers, and invites them to dance. Romeo sees Juliet and says to himself that this is the first time hes seen true beauty. Tybalt recognizes Romeo and sends for his sword, but Capulet orders Tybalt to do nothing. Saying that hell make Romeo pay, Tybalt leaves. .  . .  Romeo holds Juliets hand, and begs a kiss, which she gives him. They kiss again, and then both are called away. As everyone is leaving, they each learn the name of the other, and they each exclaim upon the fate that has made each fall in love with his/her enemy. Act two, Scene one Questions 1. What does Mercutio say about â€Å"blind love†? * One loves with the heart, not the eyes. 2. Why does Romeo leave his friend? * he ditches his friends and hides out in the orchard behind the Capulet house Note Act II opens with a prologue that does two things. First it points out that Romeo and Juliets love will be hard because their families are enemies. Second it pokes fun at Romeo for so quickly falling in love with Juliet and completely getting over Rosaline. Scene 1 takes place in a lane by the wall of Caputlets orchard. Romeo jumps over the wall. Benvolio and Mercutio at first try to get Romeo to rejoin them. However, Benvolio knows that Romeo likes solitude and convinces Mercutio to leave him be. Glossary 1. (Line 6, Mercutio)   conjure:   call a spirit by magic 2. (Line 12, Mercutio)   purblind:   very blind . (Line 13, Mercutio)   Abraham Cupid:   Shakespeare may have meant Adam Cupid, an archer in an old ballad Background character On his way home from Capulets feast, Romeo turns back and jumps the wall of Capulets garden. Benvolio calls for Romeo and Mercutio bawdily conjures Romeo, but he will not appear, and his friends depart. Act two, Scene two Questions 1. When Juliet appears on her balcony, what does Romeo compare her to? * The sun 2. Juliet is going to send someone to Romeo on the following day for what purpose? * To arrange the marriage. Note Scene 2 takes place in Capulets Orchard. Romeo stating that his friends jest at him for something they dont understand. Suddenly Juliet appears in the window above. Romeo begins speaking about how beautiful she is. Then Juliet, not knowing Romeo is present, begins mourning over the fact that Romeo is a Montague and she is a Capulet. After listening Romeo reveals his presence and tells her that he loves her. During their expression of love for one another, Juliet is called by her nurse. After a brief moment with her Nurse, Juliet comes back and she and Romeo agree to marry. Juliet tells Romeo she will send him a message so that he can inform her of the wedding plans. Day begins to break over the orchard. Glossary 1. (Line 4, Romeo)   envious moon:   Diana, goddess of chastity 2. (Line 5, Romeo)   be not her maid:   hoping Juliet is unlike the virginal Diana 3. (Line 8, Romeo)   vestal:   virginal Background character In Capulets garden Romeo sees Juliet come to her window. He is entranced by her beauty and listens as she tells the night that she loves Romeo and wishes that he had another name. Romeo surprises her by offering to take another name for her love. At first, Juliet worries for Romeos safety and then she worries that he may be a deceiver, but he wins her over with passionate vows of love. They pledge their love to one another and then Juliet is called away by the Nurse. .  . .  Answering the call of the Nurse, Juliet goes into the house, then comes right back out and tells Romeo that the next day she will send a messenger to find out when and where she is to meet and marry him. Juliet is again called back into the house, and Romeo starts to leave, but Juliet again comes back out, to set a time that her messenger should go to Romeo. Romeo tells her that the messenger should come at nine in the morning. They say a long goodbye, and after Juliet is gone, Romeo says that he will go to the cell of Friar Laurence to get his help. Act two, Scene three Questions 1. What has Friar Laurence been out gathering in his basket? * Flowers. 2. Friar Laurence agrees to perform the marriage ceremony for Romeo and Juliet for what reason? * He thinks it will bring the Capulets ;amp; Montagues together. Note Scene 3 takes place in Friar Laurences cell. The scene begins with Friar Laurence with a basket in hand and speaking of the qualities of various flowers and herbs. Romeo tells the friar that he wants to marry Juliet. The fryer is surprised at how quickly Romeo has gone from loving Rosaline to loving Juliet. Eventually the Fryer agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet because he thinks it will cause the two families to come closer together. Glossary 1. Line 54: intercession- a petition 2. Line 54: steads- helps, is of use to 3. Line 81: chidst- rebuked Background character At dawn Friar Laurence gathers herbs and comments on how in both plants and people everything has some good, and every good can be abused and turned to evil. .  . .  Romeo appears and tells Friar Laurence that he has fallen in love with Juliet and wants him to marry them. The Friar criticizes Romeo for jumping so quickly from love of Rosaline to love of Juliet, but grees to perform the ceremony because he thinks that the marriage may end the hatred between the Capulets and Montagues. Act two, Scene four Questions 1. According to Mercutio, what kind of man is Tybalt? * Fiery,bull-headed amp; very prejudiced. 2. How is Juliet to arrange to meet Romeo? * She sends the nurse to him with a message. Note Scene 4 takes place i n a Street. The scene begins with Benvolio and Mercution wondering where Romeo is. During this conversation it is learned that Tybalt has challenged Romeo to a duel. Benvolio and Mercutio discuss the duel and Tybalts talent as a duelist. Romeo and Mercutio tease each other. Mercutio teases the Nurse for a bit but leaves with Benvolio after Romeo asks them too. Alone with the nurse he tells her to tell Juliet to meet him at the Fryers at two that afternoon. He also instructs the nurse to bring a rope ladder so that he can visit Juliet later that night after they have been married. Glossary 1. Line 25: first and second cause- cause according to the code of dueling that would oblige one to seek satisfaction of ones honor 2. Line 26: passado! †¦punto reversion! †¦hay! forward thrust, backhanded stroke, thrust through 3. Lines 28-29: phantasimes- fantastically dressed or mannered Background character Mercutio wonders where Romeo is. Benvolio says that Tybalt has sent a challenge to Romeo, and Mercutio scornfully describes Tybalt as an conceited killer. .  . .  Mercutio kids Romeo about love, and Romeo joins in the bawdy repartee. .  . .  Mercutio bawdily mocks the Nurse, who tells Romeo that she wants a word in private with him. .  . .  The Nurse complains about Mercutio, receives from Romeo the information about time and place of the wedding, then chatters on about how sweet Juliet is. Act two, Scene five Questions . The nurse is supposed to be gone only a half hour, but she is actually gone for how long? * Hour amp; a half. 2. How is the nurse behaving that is frustrating to Juliet? * She wont tell Juliet what Romeo said ;amp; is dragging the moment out. Note Scene 5 takes place in Capulets Orchard. The scene begins with Juliet worrying about how the day is passing without word from Rom eo. Her Nurse begins to tease Juliet. For a while this teasing goes on until Juliet is very close to hysterics. Finally the Nurse relents and tells her that she is to marry Romeo at the church later that afternoon. The Nurse leaves to get the rope ladder that Romeo requested. Glossary 1. Line 7: Love- a reference to Venus, whose chariot was drawn by swift-winged doves 2. Line 51: Beshrew- to curse Background character Juliet impatiently awaits the return of the Nurse with news from Romeo. .  . .  The Nurse teases Juliet by finding all kinds of ways to not deliver the joyful news, but finally tells her that she is to go Friar Laurences cell to be married to Romeo. Act two, Scene six Questions 1. What does Friar Laurence mean when he says, â€Å"Therefore, love moderately; long love doth so†? Love should be a warming glow within the heart, not an uncontrollable fire that eventually destroys everything in its path. 2. What follows after Romeo, Juliet, and Friar Laurence exit from the stage? * They get married Note Scene 6 takes place in Friar Laurences cell. Friar Laurence and Romeo come with the fryer telling Romeo marrying so quickly is a mistake. Romeo casts this advice aside. Juliet then after a brief conversation. the fryer marry the two young lovers. Glossary 1. Line 74: ratcatcher- one whose business it is to catch rats; another allusion to Tybalt as king of cats 2. Line 113: effeminate- weak, like a woman; unmanly, enervated, self-indulged, delicate, over-refined 3. Line 189: amerce- to punish by fines; to exact something from Background character Just before the wedding, Friar Laurence advises Romeo to love moderately. .  . .  Romeo and Juliet tell each other how much they love one another, and Friar Laurence leads them off to be married. Act three, Scene one Questions 1. Why won’t Romeo fight Tybalt? * Because he says, he has a reason to love Tybalt now because they are family because of his marriage to Juliet 2. What is Romeo’s punishment for killing Tybalt? Romeos punishment, is that he is banished from the city of Verona Note Scene 1 takes place in a public place. Mercutio, Benvolio enter with a page and several servants. Benvolio is complaining about the heat of the day and Mercutio teases him for it. As they talk Tybalt followed by a couple of servants enters the scene. He asks Benvolio and Mercutio if they have seen Ro meo. As Benvolio and Mercutio tease Tybalt, Tybalt challenges Romeo to a duel, but Rome refuses because Tybalt is now his family Mercutio takes Romeos refusal as a sign of cowardice and challenges Tybalt in Romeos stead. Tybalt and Mercutio start to fight. Romeo tries to stop the fight, then as he steps between the two Tybalt stabs Mercutio under Romeos arm dealing him a mortal blow and then runs away. Romeo attempts to comfort Mercutio who dispatches his page to find a doctor. Romeo tries to encourage Mercutio but it is obvious he will die. Eventually Benvolio helps Mercution off the street and the two exit the scene. Romeo is by himself for a short time while he speaks about being angry with Tybalt, then Benvolio enters the scene again to let Romeo know Mercutio is dead. Tybalt comes back into the scene and Romeo challenges him to a fight. The two fight and Romeo kills Tybalt. Benvolio tells Romeo to run away as several citizens have seen the fight and are upset. A short time later the Prince, both Lord Montague and Lord Capulet, and several citizens come. Benvolio tells the prince what happens. The Prince, instead of sentencing Romeo to death, instead decided to banish him and fine both families. Glossary 1. Line 74: ratcatcher- one whose business it is to catch rats; another allusion to Tybalt as king of cats 2. Line 113: effeminate- weak, like a woman; unmanly, enervated, self-indulged, delicate, over-refined 3. Line 189: amerce- to punish by fines; to exact something from Background character On the streets of Verona Benvolio tries to persuade Mercutio that its best to stay out of the way of the Capulets and a quarrel, but Mercutio jokingly claims that Benvolio is as much of a quarreler as anyone. .  . .  Tybalt, looking for Romeo, is challenged to a fight by Mercutio, but then Romeo appears. .  . .  Tybalt challenges Romeo to fight. Romeo refuses, but Mercutio steps forward and fights Tybalt. As Romeo is trying to stop the fight, Tybalt gives Mercutio a wound, then runs away. Mercutio dies. Romeo is ashamed of himself for letting Mercutio do the fighting, and when Tybalt returns, Romeo kills him. Benvolio has a hard time getting the dazed Romeo to leave the scene. .  . .  Benvolio tells the Prince what happened. Lady Capulet wants Romeos life, but the Prince levies fines and exiles Romeo. Act three, Scene two Questions 1. Why is Juliet so impatient for the nurse to return? * Because she wants Romeo to come make their marriage official and she is waiting to see what news the Nurse has for her 2. What piece of news has upset Juliet the most? * The piece of news that upsets Juliet the most is that Romeo killed Tybalt. Note Scene 2 takes place in Capulets Orchard. Juliet worrying about the fact that Romeo has yet to arrive. The Nurse tells Juliet of Tybalts death. Juliet fears this means that Romeo is dead. The Nurse informs Juliet that Romeo is not dead but banished and is currently hiding in the fryers cell. Juliet asks the Nurse to go to Romeo and have him give her a farewell visit that night. Glossary 1. Line 2: Phoebus- a name of Apollo as the sun god; associated with the sun god, Helios 2. Line 3: Phaethon- son of the sun god; a rash character who was known for bringing the day to an abrupt end 3. Line 47: cockatrice- identified with Basilisk: a mythical serpent fabled to kill with its glance Background character Juliet longs for the coming of night and Romeo. .  . .  The Nurse appears; she has seen Tybalts corpse and heard that Romeo has been banished. The Nurse is so overwrought that her words first make Juliet think that Romeo is dead. When the Nurse finally makes it clear that Tybalt is dead and Romeo is banished, Juliet first turns against Romeo for killing her cousin, then defends him for killing the man who would have killed him. Then Juliet remembers that the Nurse said Romeo has been banished, which drives her to despair. The Nurse promises Juliet that shell make arrangements for Romeo to come that night for a farewell visit. Act three, Scene three Questions 1. Explain Romeo’s reaction to the news of his banishment. * He wants to kill himself. 2. What does the nurse give to Romeo? * Rope ladder Note Scene 3 takes place in Friar Laurnces cell. Friar Laurence bidding Romeo to come out of hiding. Romeo comes out and the Friar tells him that Romeo is banished. Romeo bemoans his fate because being banished is like a living death. There is a knock at the door and it is Juliets Nurse. The Nurse informs Rome and the Friar that Juliet is very distraught over the news of Romeos banishment. Romeo tries to kill himself but is stopped by the Friar and the Nurse. The Friar tells Romeo to go and visit Juliet that night and leave for Mantua in the morning. He also tells Romeo that while Romeo is in Mantua, the Friar will find a way to make Romeo and Juliets marriage public and gain Romeo a pardon. Glossary 1. Line 4: doom- judgement 2. Line 9: doomsday- another reference to the Day of Judgement, death 3. Line 143: mishav`ed- misbehaved Background character Learning from the Friar that he is to be banished, Romeo declares that the Friar is torturing him to death, then throws himself on the floor, moaning and weeping. .  . .  The Nurse brings news that Juliet is in just as bad shape as Romeo. Romeo, wild with guilt at the pain he has caused Juliet, tries to stab himself. Friar Laurence lectures Romeo and tells him what to do go to Juliet, then to Mantua until the Prince can be persuaded to pardon him. The Nurse gives Romeo the ring that Juliet asked her to take to him. These things put Romeo into a better frame of mind and he leaves Friar Laurences cell to go to Juliet. Act three, Scene four Questions 1. What does Capulet tell his wife to say to Juliet * Capulet tells his wife to tell Juliet that she will be marrying Paris on Thursday morning. 2. Why is paris happy? * Capulet tells Paris that he will command Juliet to marry him Note Scene 4 takes place in a room on the Capulets house. Capulet, the Lady Capulet, and Paris discussing Juliets sorrow at the death of Tybalt. Paris complains that her mourning is stopping him from courting her. Capulet tells Paris that he will command Juliet to marry him. Paris is happy with this. Capulet tells his wife to inform Juliet of her betrothal. Glossary 1. Line 17: mark you me- pay attention . Line 23: keep no great ado- make no big fuss 3. Line 35: by and by- soon Background character On a sudden impulse, Capulet promises Paris that Juliet will marry him the day after tomorrow. Act three, Scene five Questions 1. After Lady Capulet breaks the news about Paris, what is Juliet’s response? * Juliet says, she doesnt want to marry b ecause she is not ready yet. 2. What â€Å"scheme† does Juliet devise to get rid of the nurse and to get out of the house? * She tells the Nurse that she will agree to marry Paris so she will go to Friar Laurence to make confession, and clear all of her sins before she gets married to Paris. Note Scene 5 takes place in Capulets Orchard. Romeo and Juliet wishing that the morning was not upon them. For a brief minute they try to pretend that it is evening and not morning, but eventually they face the reality of Romeos banishment. After Romeo exits, Juliet begins to cry and her mother, Lady Capulet mistakes Juliets sorrow to be caused by the death of Tybalt and tells her that she plans to have Romeo poisoned. Then Lady Capulet tells Juliet that her father has arranged for her to marry Paris. Juliet of course refuses to marry Paris and argues with her mother until Lord Capulet arrives. Juliet argues her marriage with Paris to her father. Eventually he grows tired of her arguing with him and tells Juliet that she will obey his command then leaves the scene. Lady Capulet tells her daughter not to speak to her for a while and leaves. Alone with her Nurse Juliet decides to go speak with Friar Laurence for advice. Glossary 1. Line 129: conduit- a fountain 2. Line 149: chopped logic- a shallow and sophistical argument 3. Line 156: greensickness- an anemic disease that causes a pale, greenish color; an ailment of young unmarried women; suggests Juliets paleness Background character Just before dawn Romeo is preparing to leave, but Juliet declares that its still night, so he can stay. Romeo offers to stay and die, but Juliet urges him to leave. .  . .  The Nurse hurries in with the news that Juliets mother is coming. Romeo kisses Juliet and leaps out the window. Juliet asks if they will ever see each other again; Romeo is sure they will, but Juliet is full of foreboding. .  . .  Lady Capulet, assuming that Juliet is weeping for Tybalt, tells her that shes grieving too much, then decides that Juliet must be weeping because revenge has not been taken upon Romeo. Lady Capulet expresses her hatred of Romeo and Juliet appears to agree with her, though what she really means is that she loves Romeo. Lady Capulet then delivers news which she thinks ought to cheer up Juliet she is to be married to Paris. Juliet declares that she will not. Lady Capulet replies that Juliets father is coming, so Juliet ought to tell him that she wont marry Paris, if she dares. .  . .  Lady Capulet tells Capulet that Juliet has refused to marry Paris. Enraged, Capulet threatens to throw her out of the house if she doesnt change her mind. Juliet pleads with her mother to intervene, but Lady Capulet refuses.   . .  Juliet asks the Nurse for advice, and she tells Juliet that she ought to marry Paris because Romeo can never come back and Paris is better looking, anyway. Juliet pretends to accept the Nurses advice but decides that she will go to Friar Laurence for his advice. If he cant help her, she will kill herself. Act four, Scene one Questions 1. Is there anyt hing actually wrong with Paris? * Paris has kidney stones 2. Does it seem as though Paris would be a good husband? * Very much so. Hes a bit vain, but other than that, he has a great job. Avocado salesmen were rich and had zero competition back then. Note Scene 1 takes place in the Friars cell. Friar Laurence and Paris discussing Pariss upcoming wedding. Friar Laurence tries to convince Paris to take longer than the two days. Juliet cleverly pushes aside Pariss attempts to speak of the wedding. Juliet tells the Friar that she has no wish to marry Paris and would rather kill herself. The Friar then suggests that Juliet take a potion that will make hear appear dead and that he will let Romeo know of the plan. Glossary 1. Line 39   pensive:   sorrowful 2. Line 48   may prorogue:   can delay 3. Line 57   label:   strip attached to a deed to carry he seal; hence, conformation, seal Background character As Paris is making arrangements with Friar Laurence to perform the wedding ceremony between himself and Juliet, she appears. Paris tries to tease some sign of affection out of Juliet and reminds her that they are to be married on Thursday. .  . .  Juliet says that she will kill herself rather than marry Paris, and the Fr iar comes up with the plan for her to take the drug which will make her appear dead for 42 hours, so that the wedding will be called off and Romeo can come and take her to Mantua. Act four, Scene two Questions 1. How does Juliet please Capulet in this scene? * She apologizes for her disobedience. 2. What does Capulet’s reaction to Juliet’s apology tell you about him? * It tells us he’s very jealous and controlling Note Scene 2 takes place in the Hall of the Capulets House. Capulet, Lady Capulet, the Nurse, and two servants discussing serving plans. Juliet tells her father that she has decided she is happy to marry Paris. This makes Capulet very happy and he decides to move the wedding up a day. Lady Capulet complains that moving the wedding up a day will not give her enough time to prepare for the wedding. Capulet says everything will be fine. Glossary 1. Line 16   gadding:   wandering 2. Line 33   closet:   chamber 3. Line 43   huswife:   housewife Background character Capulet is making arrangements for the wedding feast when Juliet appears, begs her fathers pardon, and tells him that she will marry Paris. This makes Capulet so happy that he moves the wedding up to the very next day, Wednesday. Act four, Scene three Questions 1. How does Juliet rid herself of Nurse and her mother? * So that she can be alone to take the friars potion, Juliet tells her nurse that she is going to pray before her wedding. She just asks her mother to leave her alone 2. What other fears does Juliet have? * She fears that either it might not work and shell have to marry Paris the next morning, and that it might be a poison and she might die. Note Scene 3 takes place in Juliets chamber. Juliet and her Nurse discuss the upcoming wedding. The Nurse and Lady Capulet leave. Juliet then considers killing herself with her dagger, but instead decides to take the friars potion hoping that his plan works. She takes the potion and falls asleep. Glossary 1. Line 42   green:   new, freshly 2. Line 47   mandrakes:   (The root of the mandragora or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   mandrake resembled the human form;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the plant was fabled to utter a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   shriek when torn from the ground. ) 3. Line 57   Stay:   stop Background character Juliet persuades her mother and the Nurse to leave her alone. She agonizes over everything that could go wrong, is terrified by visions of the grave, and drinks to Romeo. Act four, Scene four Questions 1. Where is the scene take place? * Capulet’s house 2. What is lord capulet overseeing * The finishing touches Note Scene 4 takes place in a hall in the Capulet house. Wedding decorations are everywhere and Lord Capulet is overseeing the finishing touches. Lady Capulet and the Nurse enter the scene and Lord Capulet tells the Nurse to go wake up Juliet. Glossary 1. Line 11   mouse-hunt:   i. e. , hunter of women 2. Line 20   whoreson:   i. e. , fellow. (An abusive term used   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   familiarly. ) 3. Line 21   loggerhead:(1) put in charge of getting logs (2) a blockhead Background character The Capulets and their servants are busily preparing for the wedding. Paris musicians are heard, and Capulet sends the Nurse to awaken Juliet. Act four, Scene five Questions 1. How is Friar Laurences remark The woman is best married who dies a young bride ironic? * His idea is that its better to die before love fades, but it seems a strange thing for him to say. Its rather cold comfort to offer the grieving parents, and the Friar is the only one who knows that Juliet is actually married. 2. Explain the dramatic irony in the remarks and beliefs of Capulet and Lady Capulet. * Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something that the characters onstage do not know. Note Scene 5 takes place in Juliets chamber. The Nurse enters the chamber and attempts to wake Juliet. After being unsuccessful the Nurse believes Juliet to be dead. She alerts the household and over the course of the scene Lord Capulet, Lady Capulet, and Paris arrive to find out that Juliet is dead. Lord Capulet orders that the wedding decorations be changed to funeral directions. Glossary 1. Line 130 Catling:   (A catling was a small lutestring made   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of catgut. ) 2. Line 133 Rebeck:   (A rebeck was a fiddle with three strings. ) 3. Line 136 Soundpost:   (A soundpost is the pillar or peg that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   supports the sounding board of a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   stringed instrument. ) Background character The Nurse tries to awaken Juliet, but finds that she is (apparently) dead. Lady Capulet and Capulet come running, then lament their daughters death. .  . .  The rest of the wedding party arrives, only to find that Juliet is dead and hear the clamor of lamentation. Capulet, Lady Capulet, Paris, and the Nurse go nearly wild with grief, but Friar Laurence takes command of the situation by reminding everyone that Juliet is now in a better place, and telling them proceed with her funeral. .  . .  As the musicians are starting to leave, Peter rushes in and demands that they play a sad song to cheer him up. They refuse, Peter insults them with a riddle, and they all leave to wait for lunch. Act five, Scene one Questions 1. What news does Balthasar bring to Romeo? * He tells romeo juliet is doomed to marry paris. 2. What actions does Balthasar’s news prompt Romeo to do? * Romeo prepares to return. Note Scene 1 takes place in a street of Mantua. Romeo reminiscing about a dream which he believes portends his reuniting with Juliet. Balthasar informs Romeo that Juliet has died. Romeo purchases poison from an apothecary that he plans to use to kill himself and then leaves for Verona. Glossary 1. Line 40   simples:   medicinal herbs 2. Line 59   ducats:   gold coins 3. Line 85   cordial:   restorative for the heart Background character Romeo expects good news from Verona, but receives the news that Juliet is dead. He buys poison of an apothocary and says that he intends to return to Verona and join Juliet in death. Act five, Scene two Questions 1. What does Friar John tell Friar Lawrence? Juliet has the fake sleeping potion. 2. After hearing this news from Friar John, what does Friar Lawrence intend to do? * Lawrence plans to tell Romeo about the fake plan. Note Scene 2 takes place in Friar Laurances cell. Friar John calling out to Friar Laurance. Friar Laurance asks Friar John of his trip to Mantua. Friar John informs Friar Laurance that he was unable to travel to Mantua because of an outbreak of the plaque. Friar Laurance realizes that this could cause his plan to have problems and that Juliet will be leaving soon so he leaves knowing that Juliet will awaken from her potion soon. Glossary 1. Line 8  Ã‚   searchers of the town:   town officials charged   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with public health 2. Line 21   crow:   crowbar Background character Friar John explains to Friar Laurence why he was unable to deliver Friar Laurences letter to Romeo. Friar Laurence sends Friar John to get a crowbar and makes plans to be there when Juliet awakes, write again to Romeo in Mantua, and hide Juliet in his cell until Romeo arrives. Act five, Scene three Questions 1. Why is Paris at Juliet’s grave? * These may be out of rder, sorry. Pari is there to pay tribute 2. What information does Romeo’s letter give? * this letter doth basically, as the prince reads it, as handed to him by Balthazar, it detaisl teh lovers and friar Lawrences plans. Note Scene 3 takes place in a churchyard; in it a tomb belonging to the Capulets. Paris comes with Paige who is bearing a flower and a torch. Paris tells his Page to keep watch for other people. The pag then whistles letting Paris know someone is approaching. Paris hides and sees Romeo and Balthasar. Romeo tells Balthasar to leave, Blthatsar pretends to obey but hides. Paris who has been watching from hiding thinks that Romeo intends to desecrate the tomb and moves to stop him. Romeo tries to tell Paris that he has no intention of descrating the tomb but Paris does not believe him and the two fight. Romeo kills Paris who in his dying breath requests to be laid next to Juliet. Romeo agrees and lays Pariss body next to Juliets. After laying Pariss body next to Juliets Romeo takes the poison he bought from the apothecary and dies. Friar Laurence arrives and meets Balthasar who tells the friar that Romeo has gone into the tomb. Friar Laurence enters the tomb and finds Romeo dead. Soon afterward Juliet awakens and finds Romeo dead. Destroyed Juliet tells the friar to leave. Juliet tries first to drink the poison, when she finds it empty she tries to kiss Romeos lips to poison herself. When this does not work Juliet stabs herself in the heart and dies. Shortly after her suicide a watchman arrives having been alerted by Pariss Page. Once the watchman arrives, the Prince, Lord and Lady Capulet, the Nurse, Lord Montague and others arrive and find the bodies of Romeo, Juliet, and Paris. Eventually Friar Laurence arrives and explains everything. The Prince then fines both the houses and tells everyone that the death of Romeo and Juliet should be a lesson to all that peace has brought to heavy of a price. Glossary 1. Line 90   lightening:   exhilaration (supposed to occur   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   just before death. ) 2. Line 115 engrossing:   monopolizing, taking all; also,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   drawing up the contract 3. Line 121 be my speed:   prosper me Background character Paris comes to Juliets grave to strew flowers and weep. He sends his Page a ways off, to act as a look-out. Paris promises to visit Juliets grave every night, then the Page whistles to warn him that someone is coming. Paris sees a torch and withdraws into the darkness to see who else has come to Juliets grave. .  . .  Romeo sends Balthasar away with a letter for Romeos father, and starts to open the tomb. Paris comes forward and tries to arrest Romeo. They fight, and Romeo kills Paris. As he is dying, Paris asks to be laid next to Juliet. Romeo does this, pledges his love to Juliet, takes the poison, and dies. .  .   Friar Laurence comes and finds Romeo and Paris dead. Juliet awakes and Friar Laurence tries to persuade her to come out of the grave, but being afraid of being found there by the watchmen, he runs away. Juliet kills herself with Romeos dagger. .  . .  Paris Page brings the watchmen to the monument of the Capulets. Watchmen find Balthasar and Friar Laurence. P rince Escalus arrives, then Capulet, Lady Capulet, and Montague. Friar Laurence tells his story, which is confirmed by Balthasar, Paris Page, and the letter from Romeo to his father. Montague promises to build a golden statue of Juliet, and Capulet promises to build one of Romeo.

Parthenon as a Paragon Essay -- History, Ancient Greece

In the time of Ancient Greece, the Parthenon was the epitome of all Greek temples, possessing desired traits from hut-like temples, the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, and other temples. All the column styles were established in 6th century BCE, but the styles were named afterwards (Spawforth 62). The chief column styles of Greek temple building were Doric and Ionic, and they were named in the 5th century BCE (Spawforth 62). The Corinthian column style was named in the 4th century BCE (Spawforth 62). Doric columns from the 4th century BCE are skinnier than the 6th century BCE columns (Spawforth 62). The â€Å"Aeolic† column, related to the Ionic column, was developed by the Aeolian Greeks (Spawforth 62). The Ionic and Aeolic columns has scrolls at the top, but only the Aeolic column’s scrolls spring outwards in a vertical direction, making it unique from the Ionic column (Spawforth 62). The Doric columns were created by the Dorians; the Ionic columns were created by the Ioni ans (Jenkins 15, 17). Each column consists of a column, base, shaft, capital, and entablature. The entablature consists of the architrave, frieze, and cornice (Summerson). The Romans used columns as ornaments, but the Greeks used the columns for structural stability (Summerson). The Parthenon was a Doric temple (Spawforth 64). The Parthenon was the centerpiece of acropolis renewal (Jenkins 76). The marble is from Mount Pendelikon (Jenkins 76). The Parthenon is a culmination of long tradition (Jenkins 28). The Parthenon is the Romantic Symbol of a cultural age; it is viewed with great fondness and nostalgia in the Western civilizations’ cultural memory (Nardo 12). The Parthenon is not at ground level; it stands on a three step stylobate (Corbett). In the 6th century, the ... ...olis). The reconstruction of the faà §ade of the Temple of Apollo at Thermon, due to the unpleasant front side of the temple, ended in 500BCE (Nardo 19). Stone replaced the Temple at Thermon’s wooden entablature and columns in the 600s to keep it from weakening further (Nardo 19). If this issue had left untended, it would have led to the place of worship’s eventual collapse. The Temple of Apollo at Thermon was one of the few temples of its time on Ancient Greece that was solid enough to uphold a tiled roof (Nardo 19). The tiled roof would not have been supportable, had the faà §ade, entablature, and columns not been replaced. The Temple of Apollo at Thermon was a Doric temple (Guido). The Temple of Zeus at Olympia contributed to the timelessness of the Parthenon, as it was the trial for it. The hut-like temples were the first known forms of temples. Make it better!

Bahlawane Discussion

The discussion is formulated, as the entire thesis, along with the two major investigations done during this study. These are the study of the regulatory mechanism of wg genes expression in the first part and of Rem expression in the second part. An emphasis is given to the role of MucR in both regulation paths. Finally, the conclusion will try to point out the consequences of an inter-connected regulation and be closed on the role of MucR for the symbiosis efficiency in S. meliloti. I. Regulation scheme of galactoglucan synthesis in low and high Pi Published, also already edited II.Regulation scheme of motility genes in S. meliloti. Motility and chemotaxis offers micro – organisms a distinct advantage when faced with starvation, toxic substances or a requirement to approach the appropriate host. However, the motility machinery places high energy demands on the cell. Bacteria develop a strict regulation network to control the expression of motility – related genes to av oid inappropriate energy expenditure. Bacteria also invoke alternative strategies for the regulation of motility when faced with starvation or reduced nutrient conditions. In some bacteria, e. g., Serratia liquefaciens and Escherichia coli, this strict regulation results an increase of ability to migrate when faced with reduced nutrient conditions (Sharma, Anand, 2002). Apparently the strategy is to engage the motility machinery only in response to stress / starvation conditions by moving towards a better environment. In other bacteria, e. g. S. meliloti, the strict regulation results migration toward chemo-attractants under nutrient sufficient or excess conditions and the development of the vegetative state and biofilm upon encountering stress/starvation conditions (Wei, Bauer, 1998).Thus, S. meliloti was found to be motile throughout active growth, when nutrients are readily available, and to become non-motile upon transition to the stationary phase (Rotter et al. , 2006). The clu e of this regulation remained unknown up to the present. Some advances have been performed by the discovery of Rem (Rotter et al. , 2006), a Class Ib regulator, which expression follows the cell motility. Recently, Hoang et al. (Hoang et al. , 2008) demonstrated that quorum sensing (QS) regulated motility in strain Rm8530 through the regulation of visNR expression by ExpR by using an unknown mechanism.1. Modulation of rem expression Since rem expression was found to be growth – dependent and that visN expression was constant all through the growth, new regulators of motility were expected (Rotter et al. , 2006). In the present study, we demonstrated that MucR affects motility by regulation of rem expression. Binding of MucR to the promoter region upstream of rem was shown and a sequence sharing similarities with the MucR binding site consensus (Bertram-Drogatz et al. , 1998) was identified in this region.However, further investigations suggested that sequences, downstream of this consensus, could be required for MucR binding to the rem upstream region. Since MucR inhibition was increased by a mutation in rem, we speculated that the ratio of Rem / MucR levels in the cell may contribute to the regulation of motility in S. meliloti. In RU11/001, Rem was found to be present in great amount in cells at low density (Rotter et al. , 2006) and slowly disappear during the exponential growth. We did not retrieve a much higher rem transcription level at low cell density in our wild type Rm2011.However, we cannot exclude that post – transcriptional regulation is responsible for the accumulation of Rem protein in Rm2011 at low cell density. If high levels of Rem are present in the cell, the effect of MucR on regulation of rem appears to be negligible. Consistent with this postulation, we observed that at low cell densities, the expression of rem promoter was inhibited in the presence of an intact mucR locus and a disrupted rem locus, but not in the presence o f a functional rem locus.In such scenario, the quantity of Rem within the cell in a culture of low cell density might be high enough to completely mask the effect of MucR, while at higher cell density, the higher quantity of MucR within the cell might be sufficient to inhibit transcription of rem. Another explanation for the difference of rem expression pattern between the strain RU11/001 and Rm2011 might be the expR status of these two independent wild types. Indeed, Rm2011 exhibits an insertion element within expR (Pellock et al. , 2002), leading to a non – functional gene and consequently a deficient quorum- sensing (QS) system.It was previously shown that the Sin / ExpR quorum sensing system (Marketon et al. , 2002;Marketon et al. , 2003) down-regulates motility and chemotaxis genes and that the visN-visR operon was a target for the LuxR-type regulator ExpR (HOANG 2004, HOANG 2008). We could confirm the inhibition of visN expression by AHL-activated ExpR and its relay to the rem expression. Moreover, McIntosh demonstrated binding of ExpR to the promoter region of visN in the presence of AHLs implying that ExpR directly regulates transcription of visN-visR (personal communication).While rem expression levels are regulated by several regulators, including ExpR, VisN and VisR, as demonstrated in this study and elsewhere (Hoang et al. , 2008;Rotter et al. , 2006) it is unknown what factors affect expression of the autoregulated mucR gene (Muller et al. , 1993). However, MucR appears to function as a repressor, both in the presence and absence of a functional Sin quorum sensing system (Bahlawane C. et al. , 2008;McIntosh et al. , 2008), suggesting that the regulation of mucR expression is not dependent on quorum sensing, although this remains to be confirmed.2. Requirement for swimming and swarming motility This study highlights another interesting aspect of motility in S. meliloti, namely, swarming, but not swimming, depends on the presence of a functio nal quorum sensing system and galactoglucan production. The requirement of exopolysaccharides for swarming was recently highlighted in a large scale analysis of Tn5 mutants exhibiting swarming defects in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008). The requirement of a functional quorum sensing for swarming was likewise found in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008;Daniels et al., 2006). However, this strain exhibits two different quorum sensing systems CinIR and RaiIR, with a much brighter QS signal molecules spectrum. We demonstrated that in S. meliloti, only those strains with an intact ExpR / Sin quorum sensing system and capable of galactoglucan and flagella production showed the ability to swarm. Even if MucR modulated the expression of the regulator of motility, the swimming ability of a mucR, expR – mutant (Rm101) was not affected. Therefore, swimming required flagella production, but not the ExpR/Sin system and galactoglucan biosynthesis.Swimming is an individual endeavo ur, whereas swarming is the coordinated movement of a population of bacteria in high viscosity media or over a surface and has been shown to be widespread among flagellated bacteria, particularly in association with quorum sensing (Harshey, 2003;Sharma, Anand, 2002). Hence, the involvement of quorum sensing in swarming, but not in swimming, may be an important feature in coordination of motility. 3. Interconnection between both regulation networks and comparison with other strainsCoupling of the regulation of bacterial exopolysaccharide production and the regulation of cell motility has also been found in Ralstonia solanacearum (5), Vibrio cholerae (1, 34), and Salmonella enterica (7), and presumably increases the ability of the cells to interact with their prospective host cells. We found that ExpR functions as inhibitor of the master regulator of motility VisNR, in addition to its role as an activator of the expression of the galactoglucan genes in the presence of Sin AHLs and pos itively affect expression of exoK and exsH leading to the depolymerisation of succinoglycan (McIntosh et al., 2008). Moreover, MucR is shown to inhibit the motility through rem expression, in addition to its role in the activation the HMW succinoglycan production and inhibition of the galactoglucan production. This fits well to the opposite regulation for succinoglycan biosynthesis and motility found previously for S. meliloti strains (Hoang et al. , 2008;Wells et al. , 2007;Yao et al. , 2004). A model is therefore proposed (Fig. 4. 2) where the inverse regulation of succinoglycan and flagella synthesis, as well as the role of MucR and ExpR are highlighted. Figure 4.1 Regulation schem of the motility in S. meliloti Dashed lines indicate an unknown regulation path and lines indicate a direct regulation through demonstrated DNA / protein interactions. The direct effect of ExoR /ExoS has to be further analyses, expecially the interaction with visN promoter has to be elucidated. Chapter 2 Conclusion Taking in account the scheme of galactoglucan synthesis regulation (Fig. 4. 1) and the scheme of motility regulation (Fig. 4. 2) proposed in this study, we may try to follow the effect of such regulation paths in the life – styles of the bacteria.The last one is named as free – living microorganism or as symbiont in the plant root. In the first case, the bacteria are exposed to dryness and nutrients starvation. At this stage, the biofilm production is a pre-requisite for survival. Therefore, the EPS’s biosynthesis has to be switched ON. As it is quite improbable that the cell density is high enough to activate the quorum sensing system, we can speculate that MucR plays a key role in activating the succinoglycan biosynthesis. Since the soil exhibits very low level of Pi, galactoglucan is, at this point produced through the activation via phoB and WggR.Upon biofilm formation, the cell density probably increases and could activate the quorum sensing s ystem, allowing the bacteria to produce more galactoglucan and swarm towards better conditions. In such conformation, the cells present within the centre of the swarming population are non motile and synthesized EPS; thus the cells present at the migration front are highly motile but do not synthesized EPS. It would be interesting to clarify whether a cell differentiation, as proposed by Soto (Soto et al. , 2002), takes place at this stage.Finally, if the host is present in the next neighbourhood the chemotactic compounds, as well as the nutrients found in the rood exudates, will attract the bacteria. When approaching the root, the moisture increases, along with the nutrients availability; so that swarming motility will be replaced by swimming motility that decline progressively. Indeed, the bacteria attached to the root, increasing the cell density that may lead to the inhibition of flagella production via ExpR / QS. Instead, EPS are produced, allowing recognition between the plant and the microbe as well as the invasion of the new synthesized infection thread.Once within the root, the bacteria will differentiate to bacteroid and start fixing nitrogen. We tried to highlight in this thesis the relevance of exopolysaccharides and motility for an efficient symbiosis. Great advances have been made the last years, leading to the identification of the quorum sensing interaction with motility. We participate in inclusion of MucR, as new regulator of motility and ExpR as requisite for swarming. However, the full understanding of the influence of motility in symbiosis establishment will require finding out which signals are inducing mucR and exoR/ exoS.Moreover, some tests have to be implemented to investigate the symbiosis establishment in more realistic conditions. Indeed, the bacteria are usually directly inoculated to the root, so that motility, via swarming or swimming is not required. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Alfred Puh ler, Chair of the Genetics department, for allowing me use the very good infrastructure that promotes a very pleasant and conducive atmosphere during my research using performant techniques. I am especially grateful to Prof.Dr. Anke Becker, my supervisor, for giving me the chance to come back to research. Without her advices, ideas and resources, this work would not be possible and achieved. Thus, I thank her too for the freedom she gave me, as well as her support to test new ideas and her great help by conceiving and writing the manuscripts that become the pillars of this manuscript. Within the laboratory members, I would like to thank first Dr. Birgit Baumgarth who introduced me to the lab and to the investigated organism. Then, special thanks to Dr.Matthew McIntosh for the quorum sensing – related work and his help for preparing the derived publication. Furthermore, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Natasha Pobigaylo for her friendship, her helpful discussions and for givin g me courage when I am about to lose it. I thank Manuela Mayer, too, for the assistance in microarray hybridizations as well as Dr. Lisa Krol, Javier Serrania and Thomas Montfort for the everyday help in the lab. Finally, I would like to thank all Exopol group members for the support and advices.Least, I would like to thank my family for their unending and heartwarming support in many ways. Special thanks to Rachida Bendaou, my mother-in-law, for her support in caring my children during my research. I would like to thank my children, Ines, Soraya and Jasmine, for filling up my life with love and happiness. I would like to apologize for the bad mood and stress situations that are unfortunately connected with such a thesis. My heartfelt gratitude to my understanding and loving husband, Naoufal, for his moral and financial support, for believing in me and for sharing the passion for science with me.Resume In order to enter symbiosis with its legume partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti has t o face continual changing conditions. It has more ability to adapt quickly to the situation than the ability to face it efficiently that makes the difference in term of symbiosis efficiency. For the first interactions with its host, motility is required by S. meliloti to move towards the chemotactic compounds released by its host when exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are required later on, for the attachment to the root as well as for the invasion of the infection thread, leading to the formation of the root nodule.We focused in this study the regulatory networks leading to the coordination of motility and EPS’s production in the strain Rm2011. Depending on the phosphate concentration encountered in the environment Rm2011 synthesizes two different exopolysaccharides (EPS). Galactoglucan (EPS II) is produced under phosphate starvation but also in the presence of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator WggR (ExpG) or as a consequence of a mutation in mucR. The galactoglucan bios ynthesis gene cluster contains the operons wga (expA), wge (expE), wgd (expD), and wggR (expG).Two promoters, differentially controlled by WggR, PhoB, and MucR, were identified upstream of each of these operons. The proximal promoters of the wga, wge, and wgd transcription units were constitutively active when separated from the upstream regulatory sequences. Promoter activity studies and the positions of predicted PhoB and WggR binding sites suggested that the proximal promoters are cooperatively induced by PhoB and WggR. MucR was shown to strongly inhibit the distal promoters and bound to the DNA in the vicinity of the distal transcription start sites.An additional inhibitory effect on the distal promoter of the structural galactoglucan biosynthesis genes was identified as a new feature of WggR in a mucR mutant. Motility is organized in S. meliloti in a hierarchical cascade, with Class Ia genes, encoding the major regulator of motility VisNR; controlling the expression of the clas s Ib gene, rem, which encodes a central regulator, activating the expression of the downstream Class II and class III genes. We could demonstrate that MucR binds a DNA sequence upstream of rem, following a different mechanism as previously observed upon binding upstream of the wg genes.By this way, MucR inhibits rem expression as well as the expression of the Rem-regulated genes such as flaF and flgG. Furthermore, we addressed a balance of the swimming and swarming abilities of several S. meliloti strains derivatives of Rm2011. We could show that all strains, able to build flagella, were swimming on low viscosity agar plates. However, swarming over high viscosity agar plates required all a functional expR / sin locus, the ability to build flagellum and the production of exopolysaccharides. Finally, we propose a model for the coordination of motility and EPSs synthesis in S. meliloti.

Is Animal Cruelty Acceptable Or Should Be Stopped - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 828 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/21 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Cruelty To Animals Essay Did you like this example? Animal cruelty is everywhere, every country has animal abuse whether you see it or not. Some of the major countries are Japan, Mexico, and China that demonstrate animal cruelty. The fiesta called Torneo de Lazo in Mexico, Japan where they have the cove, people high demand for rhino horns. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Animal Cruelty Acceptable Or Should Be Stopped?" essay for you Create order Countries that using animals for human benefits are the United States, India, and Australia. Meat is used for consumption, animal testing to see if medications are safe, and zoos. Animal cruelty could be seen as exceptional or considered awful depending on where you have grown up at and what you believe or not. Regardless or not of your beliefs, is animal cruelty acceptable or should be stopped? The pros of animal cruelty are that it can help us with illnesses, going into space, and military. In Australia, they are one of the countries that still allow animal testing. Animal testing is helpful because when testing an animal with vaccines you can determine if they are safe or not to humans. The scientists that use animal tests use rats, rabbits, monkeys, and etc. Monkeys are similar to humans and it is helpful to determine if this medication will be invulnerable. For example, the polio vaccine was tested on animals to determine if it was safe or not yet. Once it went was passed it was used towards human and saved many people lives. If animal testing was not used many humans would either be used for testing or be killed using medications not certified. These testings have saved thousands of people lives if not more. Not only for medications are animals used for they are also used for NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Once again monkeys were sent into space to see if the spaceship to see if it was secure and ready for humans to go into space. Also, animals have been used to the military. Goats were given burns or a gunshot wound for military medics to practice on. Animal testing is needed to keep us protected from deadly illnesses. Majority of people need animals to survive. Countries like the United States of America, Britain, and much more use animal meat as their primary source of food. Animals are a big part of our lives. Animals are put into small cages such as chickens that are crowded in these cages or put into small enclosures. However, thats not the case for all of the animals in the food industry. There are free-range animals. Free range animals are given a bigger enclosure than the normal slaughterhouse animal has. When looking at your meat packaging or egg cartons you can see if the animals are in free-range or not. Also in the United States of America depending what state a person lives your taxes can be lowered for having agriculture on your property. Such as having a certain amount of cows on your property depending on the state will lower your taxes. Slaughterhouses are starting to use more humane ways of kill animals. They are doing this so the animal does not have to suffer a long death. All o f the animals are getting fed well and given water. Unless you are a vegetarian or a vegan these processes are necessary for survival. Animals are used for entertainment for all ages. Zoos are a big part of this and some amusement parks. There are zoos who have small enclosures and are not natural habitats for the animals. Amusement parks have roller coasters that go above them and could scare them until they get used to it. However not all zoos are like that, some people negatively think zoos in that way. Zoos can help save endangered animals, they can encourage animals to breed. The endangered species can be saved and taken great care of. Not only that a lot of zoos have a natural habitats for them for example in India, they have a zoo called Arignar Anna Zoological Park. This park has 1,092 acres of land for the animals to roam around. Not only does it provide them a natural habitat it provides education about animals to all ages. Zoos have exotic animals that may or not be in your country. Its a great time for families, friends, and provides money to the workers, also the animals who need it. Animals that are used for entertainment is not always the best. In Mexico there is a fiesta called Torneo de Lazo. This fiesta to residents might just be an average party and think what occurs is normal however this is not the case. The fiesta is where men are riding bucking bull like a rodeo would. That is not the only thing that happens in this party. The men encourage the bulls to charge at the horses. Majority of the time the bulls pierce through the horses stomach with their horns. These horses have to deal with a slow painful death while children and adults are watching them suffer.